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Location:
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Shady Cove, Oregon
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Accident Number:
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WPR22LA330
|
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Date & Time:
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September 1, 2022, 07:35 Local
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Registration:
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N617CK
|
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Aircraft:
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Sikorsky S-61N
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Aircraft Damage:
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Substantial
|
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Defining Event:
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Loss of engine power (total)
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Injuries:
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2 Minor
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Flight Conducted Under:
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Part 133: Rotorcraft ext. load
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|
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| |
Analysis
Two days before the accident flight, the helicopter flight crew conducted a timber logging flight. The No.1 engine started without issue, but the No. 2 engine start was aborted after it sustained a hot start, as confirmed by the No. 2 engine T5 temperature digital gauge indication of 999° C, a subsequent indication of --- ° C, and finally 001° C. The engine was allowed to cool, and about five minutes later the PIC started the No. 2 engine without issue, followed by the No. 1 engine; the flight crew then completed an eight-hour flight day.
The helicopter remained in service until the day of the accident. On the day of the accident, while performing their normal logging operation flight, the flight crew heard a loud “bang” twice and decided to make a precautionary landing. With the engines turning, no anomalies were confirmed by maintenance personnel, and they continued flight operations. The flight crew did not perform an out-of-ground-effect hover power check to determine whether they had single-engine capability. After picking up about a 4,000 pound load during climb out of the confined area, another loud “bang” occurred, followed by a series of successive “bangs” that resulted in a vertical descent and hard impact with terrain, which resulted in a subsequent rollover onto the helicopter’s right fuselage.
Postaccident examination of the helicopter’s No. 2 engine revealed overtemperature distress of the gas generator turbine (GGT) section. All stage 1 turbine blades revealed overtemperature distress. Most of the stage 2 turbine blades exhibited deformation about the leading edges and blade tips.During examination, the turbine coupling shaft was unusually difficult to remove, indicative of overtemperature effects, and the turbine forward shaft exhibited a dark blue discoloration indicative of thermal deformation. The metallurgical examination of 11 stage 1 turbine blades revealed evidence of bulk deformation, coating cracking/melting, and creep voiding/surface cracking consistent with overtemperature exposure.
The PIC stated that he did not report the hot start event to the operator’s director of maintenance because he understood a hot start to entail a T5 temperature of 950° C sustained over 2 seconds. However, guidance from the engine manufacturer indicated that hot start criteria are based on a combination of temperature over time, and that hot starts may occur at temperatures of approximately 750° C within about 15 seconds. Given the circumstances of the event and physical evidence from the postaccident engine examination, it is likely that the No. 2 engine hot start that occurred 2 days before the accident contributed to the failure of the stage 1 turbine blades due to overtemperature, which resulted in the No. 2 engine loss of power and subsequent impact with terrain. According to the FAA, serious engine damage occurs if a hot start is allowed to continue.
Probable Cause and Findings
The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: A total loss of engine power due to the failure of the No. 2 engine’s stage 1 turbine blades as a result of an unreported hot start two days earlier.
Findings
Personnel issues Lack of action - Pilot
Aircraft (general) - Capability exceeded
Aircraft Turbine section - Failure
Environmental issues Tree(s) - Compliance w/ procedure
Factual Information
History of Flight
Takeoff Loss of engine power (total) (Defining event)
On September 01, 2022, about 0735 Pacific daylight time, a Sikorsky S-61N helicopter, N617CK, sustained substantial damage when it was involved in an accident near White City, Oregon. The two pilots and a ground support team member sustained minor injuries. The helicopter was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 133 rotorcraft external load flight.
Two days before the accident, according to the maintenance personnel and the second in command (SIC), the morning of August 30, 2022, the SIC and PIC entered the cockpit with the intent of conducting timber logging operations. The No.1 engine start was completed by the SIC. During the No. 2 engine start sequence, the SIC reported that the Ng took longer to rise, but increased before he moved the speed select lever to the idle detent. The SIC reported that the fuel pressure increased, and ignition occurred. The No. 2 engine Ng reached 45 percent, and the T5 temperature fluctuated between 630° C to 670° C, before he released the starter. The temperature subsequently increased to 720° C and the SIC alerted the PIC. The PIC told the SIC to “Hold” and the SIC watched the temperature gauge increase, and the digital T5 gauge indicated 001° C.
The PIC stated that he did not report the hot start event to the operator’s director of maintenance because he understood a hot start to entail a T5 temperature of 950° C sustained over 2 seconds. Guidance from the engine manufacturer indicated that hot start criteria are based on a combination of temperature over time, and that hot starts may occur at temperatures of approximately 750° C within about 15 seconds (see figure 1).
Figure 1: Engine manufacturer Hot Start guidance
Additionally, the SIC reported that when the digital gauge indicated 001° C, the maintenance technician located outside the helicopter transmitted over the intercom, “It’s hot” and the No. 2 engine start was aborted. The maintenance technician located inside the helicopter reported that the No. 1 engine start occurred without issue, but during the No. 2 engine start, the engine “temped out” and “it maxed the T5 to 999, then the gauge had 3 dashes (---) across [the] gauge and then the number 001.” According to the T5 gauge manufacturer, 001° C is the maximum value the gauge will report, even if the T5 temperature continues to increase above 999°C. The No.1 engine was secured, the No. 2 engine was allowed to cool and the No. 2 engine digital T5 gauge indicated that the engine temperature was decreasing, but the analog gauge needle did not show the temperature dropping back to normal operating temperature range. About five minutes after aborting the start sequence, the No. 2 engine was started by the PIC without anomaly, along with the No. 1 engine. That day the flight crew flew multiple sorties and shut down both engines during a crew break. Both engines were restarted after the break without anomaly; the crew finished their eight-hour flight day, and the helicopter remained in service. No entries were annotated on the maintenance log regarding the hot start.
On September 01, 2022, the PIC who experienced the hot start two days before was assigned to N617CK with a different SIC for a day of timber logging flights. During climb out, a pedal turn to the right was accomplished while departing the log landing site. Shortly after the right turn, the crew heard a loud “bang” sound. They assessed the instrument panel and confirmed that all systems were within normal operating limits. The flight and engine instruments did not indicate that an anomaly existed; the PIC elected to continue the logging operation. Two additional sorties were accomplished, and the “bang” sound occurred again. A precautionary landing was made to troubleshoot the abnormal sound with the assistance of maintenance personnel while the engines continued to run.
A definitive source of the “bang” sound was not identified by the maintenance personnel, and a decision was made by the PIC to continue the operation. While departing the log landing site, a right pedal turn was accomplished, and a subsequent “bang” ensued. However, this iteration presented several immediate and successive “bangs” followed by a grinding noise and a degradation of the No. 2 engine torque value to zero. The Master Caution warning light illuminated, and the helicopter descended to the ground, landing hard on the main landing gear. The helicopter rolled to the right and came to rest on the right-side fuselage.
The helicopter came to rest on a flat surface used for timber storage, and the accident site was surrounded by trees over 50 ft tall. Each of the five main rotor blades had separated from the fully articulated main rotor hub, which remained attached to the upper fuselage. Examination of the airframe revealed substantial damage to the right overhead and chin bubble as well as the wind screen. The lower fuselage revealed substantial damage to the tailwheel landing gear attachment points. The tail rotor remained attached to the driveshaft, but the horizontal stabilizer sustained substantial damage.
After making the precautionary landing, the flight crew did not complete an out-of-ground-effect hover power check to ensure that the helicopter had single-engine capability within the current environmental parameters, while operating in a confined area. According to Chapter 11 of the Federal Aviation Administration Helicopter Flying Handbook, “When one engine has failed, the helicopter can often maintain altitude and airspeed until a suitable landing site can be selected. Whether or not this is possible becomes a function of such combined variables as aircraft weight, density altitude, height above ground, airspeed, phase of flight, and single-engine capability.”
A review of the engine logbooks indicated that the No. 2 engine, serial number 285036RC was installed in the accident helicopter on July 14, 2022. At the time of the accident, the No. 2 engine had about 18,646 hours time since new, about 311 hours since installation and about 479 hours since light overhaul. Additionally, the No. 2 engine was operated about 17 hours between the aborted hot start and the accident.
Postaccident examination of the engine T5 temperature gauges on both engines indicated that they were operational. The fuel flow divider was removed from the helicopter for testing and revealed that the component did not meet operational standards. The testing facility identified the abnormalities as common occurrences amongst flow dividers that come in for overhaul or repair; however, no observable discrepancies had been noted by the customer.
Postaccident examination of the spindle bearings to determine the source of the “bang” sound experienced by the flight crew was inconclusive. The spindles were disassembled by the operator before their arrival at Sikorsky, so the intended test for bearing stick could not be performed.
Postaccident examination of the No. 2 engine revealed overtemperature distress on most of the gas generator turbine parts. All the stage 1 turbine blades sustained severe overtemperature distress, most notably visible at the leading edge tips and trailing edge tips. Four of the stage 1 turbine blades had separated at their mid-span. Additionally, multiple stage 1 turbine blades had cracks initiated at their trailing edge and mid-span. All stage 1 turbine blades also exhibited profile “cupping” to varying degrees compared to an exemplar stage 1 turbine wheel. Most of the stage 2 turbine blades had minor overtemperature distress at the leading edge tips. The metallurgical examination of 11 stage 1 turbine blades (2 destructively) revealed evidence of bulk deformation, coating cracking/melting, and creep voiding/surface cracking consistent with overtemperature exposure. The turbine coupling shaft was unusually difficult to remove. The turbine forward shaft exhibited a dark blue color. All gas generator turbine (GGT) seals were confirmed to be in place. General material debris was found throughout the GGT assembly.
According to Chapter 15 of the Federal Aviation AdministrationAirplane Flying Handbook, “An engine tendency to exceed maximum starting temperature limits is termed a hot start. The temperature rise may be preceded by unusually high initial fuel flow, which may be the first indication the pilot has that the engine start is not proceeding normally. Serious engine damage occurs if the hot start is allowed to continue.”
Pilot Information
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Certificate:
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Commercial
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Age:
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65,Male
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Airplane Rating(s):
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None
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Seat Occupied:
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Left
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Other Aircraft Rating(s):
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Helicopter
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Restraint Used:
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Lap only
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Instrument Rating(s):
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None
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Second Pilot Present:
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Yes
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Instructor Rating(s):
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None
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Toxicology Performed:
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Medical Certification:
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Class 2 With waivers/limitations
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Last FAA Medical Exam:
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September 15, 2021
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Occupational Pilot:
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Yes
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Last Flight Review or Equivalent:
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March 27, 2022
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Flight Time:
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(Estimated) 28041 hours (Total, all aircraft), 17341 hours (Total, this make and model), 28041
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hours (Pilot In Command, all aircraft), 247 hours (Last 90 days, all aircraft), 122 hours (Last 30
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days, all aircraft), 8 hours (Last 24 hours, all aircraft)
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Co-pilot Information
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Certificate:
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Commercial; Flight instructor
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Age:
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55,Male
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Airplane Rating(s):
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None
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Seat Occupied:
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Right
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Other Aircraft Rating(s):
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Helicopter
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Restraint Used:
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Lap only
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Instrument Rating(s):
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Helicopter
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Second Pilot Present:
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Yes
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Instructor Rating(s):
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Helicopter
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Toxicology Performed:
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|
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Medical Certification:
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Class 2 With waivers/limitations
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Last FAA Medical Exam:
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July 1, 2022
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Occupational Pilot:
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Yes
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Last Flight Review or Equivalent:
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August 29, 2022
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Flight Time:
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(Estimated) 568 hours (Total, all aircraft), 308 hours (Total, this make and model), 131 hours
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(Pilot In Command, all aircraft), 232 hours (Last 90 days, all aircraft), 25 hours (Last 30 days, all
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aircraft), 8 hours (Last 24 hours, all aircraft)
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Aircraft and Owner/Operator Information
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Aircraft Make:
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Sikorsky
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Registration:
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N617CK
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Model/Series:
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S-61N
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Aircraft Category:
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Helicopter
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Year of Manufacture:
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1962
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Amateur Built:
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Airworthiness Certificate:
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Transport
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Serial Number:
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61164
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Landing Gear Type:
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Tailwheel
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Seats:
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28
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Date/Type of Last
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August 30, 2022 AAIP
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Certified Max Gross Wt.:
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22000 lbs
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Inspection:
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Time Since Last Inspection:
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8.1 Hrs
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Engines:
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2 Turbo shaft
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Airframe Total Time:
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27942.2 Hrs as of last
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Engine Manufacturer:
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GE
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|
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inspection
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ELT:
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C126 installed, not activated
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Engine Model/Series:
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CT58-140-2
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Registered Owner:
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Croman Corporation
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Rated Power:
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1500 Horsepower
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Operator:
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Croman Corporation
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Operating Certificate(s)
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Rotorcraft external load
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Held:
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(133), On-demand air taxi
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(135), Agricultural aircraft
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(137)
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Meteorological Information and Flight Plan
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Conditions at Accident Site:
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Visual (VMC)
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Condition of Light:
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Day
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Observation Facility, Elevation:
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KMFR,1313 ft msl
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Distance from Accident Site:
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20 Nautical Miles
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Observation Time:
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07:29 Local
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Direction from Accident Site:
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163°
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Lowest Cloud Condition:
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Visibility
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3 miles
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Lowest Ceiling:
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Broken / 3800 ft AGL
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Visibility (RVR):
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Wind Speed/Gusts:
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/
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Turbulence Type
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/
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Forecast/Actual:
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Wind Direction:
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Turbulence Severity
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/
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|
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Forecast/Actual:
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|
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Altimeter Setting:
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30.02 inches Hg
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Temperature/Dew Point:
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17°C / 9°C
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Precipitation and Obscuration:
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Moderate - None - Haze
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Departure Point:
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Shady Cove, OR
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Type of Flight Plan Filed:
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None
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Destination:
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Shady Cove, OR
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Type of Clearance:
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None
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Departure Time:
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Type of Airspace:
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Class G
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Wreckage and Impact Information
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Crew Injuries:
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2 Minor
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Aircraft Damage:
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Substantial
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Passenger
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N/A
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Aircraft Fire:
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None
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Injuries:
|
|
|
|
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Ground Injuries:
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N/A
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Aircraft Explosion:
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None
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|
Total Injuries:
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2 Minor
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Latitude,
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42.696,-123.006(est)
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|
|
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Longitude:
|
|
Administrative Information
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Investigator In Charge (IIC):
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Hicks, Michael
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Additional Participating
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Jason Lawver; FAA; Portland, OR
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Persons:
|
|
|
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Original Publish Date:
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September 11, 2024
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|
Last Revision Date:
|
|
|
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Investigation Class:
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Class 3
|
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Note:
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The NTSB did not travel to the scene of this accident.
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Investigation Docket:
|
https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=105847
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The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent federal agency charged by Congress with investigating every civil aviation accident in the United States and significant events in other modes of transportation— railroad, transit, highway, marine, pipeline, and commercial space. We determine the probable causes of the accidents and events we investigate, and issue safety recommendations aimed at preventing future occurrences. In addition, we conduct transportation safety research studies and offer information and other assistance to family members and survivors for each accident or event we investigate. We also serve as the appellate authority for enforcement actions involving aviation and mariner certificates issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and US Coast Guard, and we adjudicate appeals of civil penalty actions taken by the FAA.
The NTSB does not assign fault or blame for an accident or incident; rather, as specified by NTSB regulation, “accident/incident investigations are fact-finding proceedings with no formal issues and no adverse parties … and are not conducted for the purpose of determining the rights or liabilities of any person” (Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations section 831.4). Assignment of fault or legal liability is not relevant to the NTSB’s statutory mission to improve transportation safety by investigating accidents and incidents and issuing safety recommendations. In addition, statutory language prohibits the admission into evidence or use of any part of an NTSB report related to an accident in a civil action for damages resulting from a matter mentioned in the report (Title 49 United States Code section 1154(b)). A factual report that may be admissible under 49 United States Code section 1154(b) is available here.
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